Cultivate "growth mode of thinking"

在一些人眼里，智力和成就都是與生俱來、難以改變的資質。另一些人則認為智力是一種人為因素。在學習中遇到困難時，后一種人更愿意通過自身的努力或者尋求更多辦法來積極地解決問題。斯坦福大學的一位教授在研究中指出，大學講師和中學教師應當從培養(yǎng)學生的“成長型思維模式”出發(fā)來表揚孩子，盡量避免對其學習能力作評價，也就是說要表揚他們的在成功過程中所付出的努力和做的好的地方，而不是表揚他們內在的聰明。對于我們個人，要相信智力不是決定成敗的關鍵因素，世界是在不斷變化的，需要不斷地努力。

In the eyes of some people, intelligence and achievement are innate and difficult to change. Others believe that intelligence is a human factor. When they encounter difficulties in learning, the latter kind of people are more willing to actively solve problems through their own efforts or seek more ways. A professor at Stanford University pointed out in the research that university lecturers and middle school teachers should praise children from cultivating students' "growth thinking mode" and try to avoid evaluating their learning ability, that is, to praise their efforts and good work in the process of success, rather than their internal intelligence. For us, we should believe that intelligence is not the key factor determining success or failure. The world is changing and needs constant efforts.

原諒自己的拖延癥

Forgive your procrastination

每個人或多或少都會有一點拖延癥，這是人之常情。從拖延癥中走出來的秘訣就是：減少自責，放過自己一回?？栴D大學的研究小組對134名大一學生進行了追蹤調查發(fā)現(xiàn)，大一第一學期在期中備考階段拖延之后，又馬上從后悔自責中走出來的學生，在接下來的考試中更不會重蹈覆轍。反倒比陷入深深自責中的學生獲得了更出色的成績。

It's human nature that everyone has a little procrastination more or less. The secret to getting out of procrastination is to reduce self blame and let yourself go. The Carlton university research team conducted a follow-up survey of 134 freshmen and found that students who immediately came out of regret and remorse after delaying the midterm preparation stage in the first semester of freshman year will not repeat the mistakes in the next exam. On the contrary, they achieved better results than students who were deeply remorseful.

進行自我測試

Conduct self-test

把時間花在做小測上(包括對答案)比一遍遍地復習更有效。加州大學洛杉磯分校的學者解釋說：測驗本身會“形成一種強效記憶”，這種記憶“不容易被抹去”，而且測驗可以很好地檢測學習情況。不過康奈爾還提醒道：“趁熱打鐵的自測不可取。剛學完新知識便立馬進行測驗是不會形成持久記憶的，徒增盲目的自信罷了。”

It's more effective to spend time doing quizzes (including the answers) than reviewing them over and over again. UCLA scholars explained that the test itself will "form a powerful memory", which is "not easy to erase", and the test can well detect learning. However, Cornell also warned: "it's not advisable to strike while the iron is hot. Taking a test immediately after learning new knowledge will not form a lasting memory, but only increase blind self-confidence."

把握學習的節(jié)奏

Grasp the rhythm of learning

讓學過的知識在記憶中保持較長時間的一個秘訣就是：周期性的復習?？记巴粨艨刹恍?。加州大學圣地亞哥分校的學者指出，佳的復習周期為所需記憶儲備時間的10%~30%。舉個例子，假如你將在11天之后測試今天所學的內容，那么第一次復習的佳時間將會是在一天以后;同理，假如你的考試是在七個月之后，那么一個月之后再回過頭來復習是比較合適的。不知道如果想記一輩子的東西，多久復習一次比較合適。

A secret to keep the learned knowledge in memory for a long time is: periodic review. Assault before the exam is not good. Scholars at the University of California, San Diego, point out that a good review cycle is 10% ~ 30% of the required memory reserve time. For example, if you will test what you learned today in 11 days, the best time for the first review will be one day later; Similarly, if your exam is after seven months, it is more appropriate to go back and review after one month. I don't know if you want to remember things for a lifetime, how often is it more appropriate to review them.

減少類比

Reduce analogy

常識告訴我們：在介紹復雜、抽象的概念時，如果能構思出鮮活的例子作為支撐，往往可以幫助理解。然而，這一觀點在2008年的一項研究中被否定了。美國俄亥俄州立大學的珍妮弗等人讓學生自己模擬教學過程，對一組三個數(shù)學概念之間的聯(lián)系進行解說。結果發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有那些初通過抽象數(shù)學符號學會概念的學生后才能自己給出新鮮生動的例子。倒是那些一開始就以“水壺”和“披薩片”作為輔助理解來學習概念的學生，沒法順利對他們學到的知識作進一步自由轉換。

Common sense tells us that when introducing complex and abstract concepts, if we can conceive vivid examples as support, it can often help us understand. However, this view was rejected in a 2008 study. Jennifer of Ohio State University and others asked students to simulate the teaching process and explain the relationship between a group of three mathematical concepts. It is found that only those students who have learned concepts through abstract mathematical symbols can give fresh and vivid examples by themselves. However, those students who began to learn concepts with "kettle" and "pizza" as auxiliary understanding could not make further free transformation of their knowledge.

打個盹，好躺著

Take a nap and lie down

無數(shù)研究都證實了打盹的好處，哪怕只是十分鐘也能有效減輕你的疲勞，恢復你的注意力。不過，直到近才有研究者開始關注打盹的姿勢。重慶西南大學的趙大勇等人做了一個有趣的研究，他們招來30名習慣午睡的本科生，觀察午覺的睡姿會給他們帶來什么樣的影響。其中一部分是躺著睡的，另一部分則是趴著睡的。結果表明，午后二十分鐘的小憩可以提升參與者在“聽覺Oddball任務”中的表現(xiàn)。但是根據腦電(EEG)的記錄，躺著睡比趴著睡效果更高，但趴著睡總比不睡強。

Countless studies have confirmed the benefits of napping. Even ten minutes can effectively reduce your fatigue and restore your attention. The researchers didn't start to nap until they were close. Zhao Dayong of Chongqing Southwest University and others did an interesting study. They recruited 30 undergraduates who were used to taking a nap to observe the impact of the sleeping position of the nap on them. One part is lying down, the other part is lying down. The results showed that taking a 20 minute nap in the afternoon could improve participants' performance in the "auditory oddball task". However, according to EEG records, lying down is more effective than lying down, but lying down is always better than not sleeping.

在課前拿到講義

Get the handouts before class

課前打印好ppt雖然可以讓人在做筆記時偷一下懶，但在之后的測驗中所取得的成績卻并不亞于課堂上做了很多筆記，課后才得到講義的同學。參加實驗的大學生需要觀看現(xiàn)場錄制的課堂視頻。作者認為目前得到的結論只是初步的，但可以肯定的是“假如記筆記只是在照抄幻燈片上的內容，那么(通過打印講義這樣的方式)把學生從記筆記這件事中解放出來并沒什么壞處”。

Although printing ppt before class can make people lazy when taking notes, the results in the subsequent tests are no less than those who took a lot of notes in class and got handouts after class. College students participating in the experiment need to watch the classroom video recorded on site. The author believes that the current conclusion is only preliminary, but it is certain that "if taking notes is only copying the content on the slide, there is no harm in freeing students from taking notes (by printing handouts).".